Yellow fever is a viral disease endemic to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. The virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in urban settings and Haemagogus and Sabethes species in forested areas. The virus can cause a spectrum of symptoms, from mild flu-like symptoms to severe illness characterised by fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice which is the yellowing of the skin and eyes. In severe cases, yellow fever can lead to organ failure, bleeding disorders, and even death.
Travellers planning to visit yellow fever endemic areas are advised to check the latest recommendations and requirements for yellow fever vaccination. Here is a detailed breakdown of the endemic countries:
Africa:
- West Africa:
- Benin
- Burkina Faso
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire)
- Liberia
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Togo
- Central Africa:
- Angola
- Burundi
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
- Republic of the Congo (Congo)
- Equatorial Guinea
- Gabon
- Rwanda
- South Sudan
- Uganda
- East Africa:
- Ethiopia
- Kenya
- Somalia (limited areas)
- Sudan
South America:
- Northern South America:
- Bolivia
- Brazil (except for a few states in the south and west)
- Colombia
- Ecuador (areas below 2,300 metres in elevation)
- French Guiana
- Guyana
- Panama (Darién province)
- Peru (areas below 2,300 metres in elevation)
- Suriname
- Venezuela
- Southern South America:
- Argentina (limited areas in northern provinces)
- Paraguay
For travellers from Singapore planning to visit any of the above-mentioned endemic areas, vaccination against yellow fever is strongly recommended. The yellow fever vaccine is highly effective in preventing the disease and provides immunity for many years after a single dose. It is crucial to receive the vaccine at least 10 days before travel to ensure it becomes effective. Proof of yellow fever vaccination may also be required for entry into certain countries to prevent the importation of the virus.
Countries Requiring Proof of Yellow Fever Vaccination
Many countries require proof of yellow fever vaccination for travellers arriving from or transiting through countries where yellow fever is endemic. This is often documented using an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), commonly known as the “yellow card.” Some of these countries include:
- Australia
- China
- India
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Thailand
- United Arab Emirates
Important Considerations
- Check Entry Requirements: Always check the specific entry requirements for your destination country well in advance of your travel. Requirements can change, and some countries may have additional stipulations or exemptions.
- Timing: The yellow fever vaccine should be administered at least 10 days before travel to ensure adequate immunity and compliance with international health regulations.
- Medical Advice: Consult with a healthcare provider or a travel clinic to discuss your specific travel itinerary and health needs. This is particularly important for individuals with health conditions or those travelling with young children.
- Vaccine Validity: The yellow fever vaccine is generally effective for life. However, some countries may still require a booster dose every 10 years.
Cost and Availability of Yellow Fever Vaccine
In Singapore, the yellow fever vaccine is available at designated clinics and healthcare facilities approved by the Ministry of Health (MOH). The cost of the vaccine may vary depending on the provider and may include consultation fees. It is advisable for travellers to inquire about the availability, cost, and appointment requirements well in advance of their planned travel dates.
How long does the yellow fever immunisation last after receiving the yellow fever vaccine?
The yellow fever vaccine provides long-lasting immunity for most people. A single dose of the vaccine is typically considered sufficient to provide protection against yellow fever for at least 10 years, and often for a lifetime. However, the duration of immunity can vary from person to person, and some individuals may require booster doses to maintain protection, especially if they continue to be at risk of exposure to the virus. Booster doses are usually recommended every 10 years for individuals who remain at risk of yellow fever infection.
Precautions and Recommendations:
- Consultation: Before travel, travellers should consult with a healthcare provider or travel medicine specialist to assess their individual risk and vaccination needs.
- Mosquito Bite Prevention: In addition to vaccination, travellers should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing long-sleeved clothing and pants, and staying in accommodations with screened windows or air conditioning.
- Medical Care: Travellers should be aware of the nearest medical facilities in their destination in case of illness or injury during their trip.
Yellow fever remains a serious health concern in endemic regions of Africa and South America. For travellers from Singapore planning to visit these areas, vaccination against yellow fever is essential for their health and the prevention of disease transmission. By understanding where yellow fever is endemic, consulting healthcare providers, and taking preventive measures, travellers can minimise their risk and enjoy safe travels abroad. Stay informed, vaccinated, and prepared to ensure a healthy journey.
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